The study was done to explore the production of charcoal briquettes that could meet the need for energy in the community of Jimma city. The primary objective of this work is to produce charcoal from the most promising WASTEs. Under these objectives the main activities which performed were sorting WASTE, characterization of WASTEs that can easily degradable, designing carbonizer equipment, manual press molding machine, and characterizing charcoal briquettes. Degradable MUNICIPAL WASTE was collected from Jimma city. The charcoal production process includes a collection of degradable MUNICIPAL WASTE, drying, carbonization, crushing and sieving, binder preparation, binder – charcoal mixing, briquette charcoal (compaction and drying), and packing. The test result of degradable MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE for its density, % of moisture, % of volatile matter, % of ash, % of fixed carbon, and caloric value of was determined as 157.3kg/m3, 18.15%, 66.95%, 4.07%, 10.83%, and 18.5MJ/kg, respectively. In the same way the test result for charcoal briquette for its density, porosity weight index, shatter resistance ,moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon content, and caloric value was obtained as 50.06kg/m3, 29.05%, 92.3 %, 9.87%, 29.4%, 3.21%, 57.52% and 27.0MJ/kg, respectively. These results show in the range compared with others reported in literature. Therefore, there is the possibility to convert Jimma City degradable SOLID WASTEs into charcoal briquette using starch as a binder. We can increase the quality of charcoal briquette rather than polluting the environment.

Background and Objectives: In the recent years MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) has been one of the most important environmental concerns to throughout regions of Iran. Sound MSW management for any area needs to the reliable data in which present the actual MSW condition in that area. The aim of this study is express of integrated view of MSW in Iran.Materials and Methods: In this study we collect the data from various MUNICIPAL regions of Iran, to represent the roughly integrated view of MSW management situation in Iran. In this paper quantity, average generation rate, physical composition, and types of disposal methods in all of MUNICIPAL regions of Iran also were investigated.Results: Results from this study has shown that the amount of MSW generated in all of the MUNICIPAL regions of Iran was 10370798 tons per year, and the average generation rate of MSW was 0.64 kg/capita/day. Results showed that only 6% of MSW was recycled, 10% was treated at organic WASTE (composting) plants, and about 84% was disposed of in landfill.Conclusion: According to obtained results from this study and compare MSW composition of Iran to some countries, it’s found that MSW properties in Iran are near to MSW properties in Low-income countries. Since the most of MSW in Iran contain organic fraction, there is a high potential to develop of composting industry.

Nowadays construction of engineering and sanitary SOLID WASTE landfills is one of the most important necessities of urban societies. To reduce WASTE volume, compaction should be employed to reach the maximum productivity of landfill. The presented paper describes a practical research done in this field. research includes study of WASTE moisture content and compaction tests in laboratory and in situ compaction by a bulldozer.Trend of moisture content reduction versus time and method of reaching optimum compaction in laboratory and in situ, are presented as the results of the paper.

WASTE collection is a necessary activity all around the world and the removal of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE is a job associated with a variety of biological, chemical, mechanical, physical, and psychosocial hazards. In our country, like many developing countries, MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE is collected manually and collection of household WASTE is also a job which requires repeated heavy physical activity such as lifting, carrying, pulling, and pushing. We performed this study to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders among MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE workers. We designed a cross sectional study. Our survey instrument for measurement of musculoskeletal symptoms was adapted from the Standardized Nordic Questionnaire that translated into Farsi language. A total of 65% (n=142) of participants reported that they had been troubled with musculoskeletal symptoms in one or more of the 9 defined body regions during the last 12 months. Prevalence of symptoms in low back, knees, shoulders, upper back and neck were 45, 29, 24, 23 and 22% respectively. Foreign workers reported more musculoskeletal symptoms in all body parts than Iranian workers. The differences between prevalence of symptoms between two groups were significant in all parts of body except knees. The study found that SOLID WASTE workers have more musculoskeletal disorders than general population. Meanwhile these symptoms were more common among foreign workers. The risk of disease was increased with the increasing years of working as SOLID WASTE worker and smoking. We didn’t find relationship between musculoskeletal disorders and education or marriage status of workers.

Landfill leachates and leachate sediments were investigated in order to survey the discharge of uranium (U) from MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) landfills and MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash landfills. Concentrations of U in the leachates were as high as or higher than concentrations of Cd, a metal more often discussed when considering the environmental effects of landfill leachate. However, the U concentrations in leachate were no greater than levels occurring naturally in water. The U concentrations in leachate sediments were also the same as or lower than those reported in lake sediments around the world. Size charge fractionation of U in freshly sampled leachate showed that the metal was present mainly as either non-labile dissolved complexes or free anions, which have intermediate to high mobility and eco-toxicity. This is in contrast to other heavy metals, such as Cd, which are generally particulate bound in leachate. However, based on all the results of the investigations, it was concluded that leaching of U is not of major concern in MSW and MSWI bottom ash landfills.

This paper presents an overview of current SOLID WASTE management practices in Kohima, Nagaland, India and suggests solutions to some of the major problems. The levels of socio-economic development determine the quantity and composition of SOLID WASTE. Higher the level of economic development, greater the proportion of WASTE composition. The total population of the city is 1,32,836, among those, 90% population is predominantly tribal. Hence, SOLID WASTE is not that much problem in rural economy compared to urban areas. As a result of that, the problem of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE management is not yet felt in the rural areas of Nagaland. Compared to that, the concentration of population with higher densities in Kohima towns as well as unmanaged growth of settlements are among major causes leading to the problem of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE affecting public health and natural environmental systems. So the total elimination of the WASTE is an impractical suggestion, rather than it should be managed in an effective manner. The surveys have shown that the collection process is deficient in terms of manpower and vehicle availability. Bin capacity provided is adequate but locations were found to be inappropriate, thus contributing to the inefficiency of the system. At this time, no treatment is provided to the WASTE and WASTE is dumped on open land at Dhapa after collection. Lack of suitable facilities (equipment and infrastructure) and underestimates of WASTE generation rates, inadequate management and technical skills, improper bin collection, and route planning are responsible for poor collection and transportation of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEs. This study was on field visit, secondary data collection, interviews with different individuals who were directly or indirectly involved with the project and also through the discussions with the relevant Kohima Town Committee officials to get a clear idea about the present situation of the town. The effective management of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE has become a monumental challenge in the town with high population density and experiencing the problem of rapid urbanization. This study mainly focuses on the issue of management of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE in Kohima town and also describes its existing systems, the way of dealing with the present upcoming problems and also suggests new innovative approach for effective management of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE in Kohima town. The overall objective was to create an efficient, reliable and holistic system for management of MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE, so as to achieve a cleaner environment and improve the quality of life.